{"id":12705,"date":"2025-02-12T14:48:51","date_gmt":"2025-02-12T14:48:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/?p=12705"},"modified":"2025-02-12T14:48:51","modified_gmt":"2025-02-12T14:48:51","slug":"el-salvador-dispatch-berlin-the-bitcoin-marvel-hidden-in-the-mountains","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/?p=12705","title":{"rendered":"El Salvador Dispatch: Berl\u00edn, the Bitcoin Marvel Hidden in the Mountains"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

In El Salvador, about two hours away from the capital, up in the mountains, lies a town named Berl\u00edn. It\u2019s a mid-sized city by Salvadoran standards, with a population of roughly 20,000. It has a bank, law firms, police, food stores, hardware stores, bars, restaurants, hotels, pharmacies, clinics, churches \u2014 and one of the largest Bitcoin circular economies in the world. <\/p>\n

Walking down any street, you find all kinds of local businesses accepting bitcoin (BTC) payments, from fruit vendors to motorcycle repair shops. If you live full-time in Berl\u00edn, you can pay for almost all of your expenses in bitcoin.<\/p>\n

Bitcoin acceptance isn\u2019t solely to attract curious foreigners, though that dynamic certainly exists. Whereas El Zonte \u2014 the surfing village known as Bitcoin Beach, home to El Salvador\u2019s very first Bitcoin circular economy \u2014 has grown into a tourism hotspot, Berl\u00edn is still relatively unknown, and its expat community is very small (only 14 to 20 people depending on the month, according to the Bitcoin Community Center). What makes Berl\u00edn different is that Salvadorans themselves have begun using bitcoin for their everyday purchases.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s a big deal. Back in 2021, when President Nayib Bukele made bitcoin legal tender \u2014 giving it the same status as the country\u2019s official currency, the U.S. dollar \u2014 and rolled out a government-backed wallet named Chivo, there was an expectation in crypto that Salvadorans would quickly adopt Bitcoin and transact with the digital currency on a nationwide level.<\/p>\n

More than 70% of the population, at the time, had no access to banking services. Forget loans and mortgages; most people didn\u2019t even have savings accounts. Bitcoin, it was said, would drastically reduce the fees incurred by Salvadorans working in the U.S. and sending remittances to their families. It could also, theoretically, protect Salvadorans from the inflation of the U.S. dollar, which in 2022 reached its highest point in roughly 40 years.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s not what happened. The vast majority of the population stayed away from all things Bitcoin. In 2023, 88% of Salvadorans hadn\u2019t used the cryptocurrency, according to a survey by the Central American University. Critics argued that El Salvador\u2019s Bitcoin experiment had failed.<\/p>\n

But the idyllic town of Berl\u00edn, located to the west of the Tecapa volcano, more than 1,000 meters above sea level, offers a different story.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

When I drove up there at the end of January, I expected to find a clique of foreign Bitcoiners using the city as a base, like how Brits invade the southern coast of Spain every winter, or how party animals flock to Bangkok for the nightlife. I was wrong. I\u2019ve never seen anything quite like Berl\u00edn.<\/p>\n

The Bitcoin Community Center<\/h2>\n

Berl\u00edn\u2019s Bitcoin Community Center is smack in the heart of town. It\u2019s a lovely little place, with a cafeteria, a classroom, a podcast-recording room, an administrative office and a garden. Most activities happen in the cafeteria; people can sit and chat, buy cookies, use a bitcoin ATM, work on their projects, or simply read Bitcoin-related books.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt’s a community center, it’s a social hub. It’s everything. It’s pretty loose in terms of structure and how it works,\u201d Pierre Bonbury, a Canadian expat who lightheartedly described himself as the office\u2019s tour guide, explained to me. \u201cWhatever idea you have \u2014 business, training, education, social events \u2014 anyone who wants to contribute can come here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Two sizable maps indicate all the places in town that now accept bitcoin payments. More than 150 businesses are on board, which is roughly 25% of the total businesses in Berl\u00edn, according to the community center. And the pace of adoption is accelerating. Whereas the team used to go out knocking on doors to explain the benefits of using Bitcoin, Berl\u00edners now tend to show up to the office of their own initiative, at a rate of 3-5 new people per week, according to the center.<\/p>\n

They also regularly come in to learn. The team in Berl\u00edn provides Bitcoin 101 classes in local high schools, tech training, and English and Spanish lessons. Bitcoin professionals (like wallet developers) are also encouraged to run seminars when they come to visit. Most of the training, however, is informal and on-the-spot, whenever a local business owner needs help figuring out something Bitcoin-related on a practical level.<\/p>\n

There\u2019s a great vibe. People of all ages are continuously popping in and out. Patricia Rosales, who was born and raised in Berl\u00edn and has been part of the project from the very beginning, is the center\u2019s main administrator. She is supported by an army of volunteers, including Daniela Alvarenga and Edgar Cruz, two Salvadoran 19-year-olds who learned about Bitcoin in school and love to hang out at the office.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Rosales had come back to Berl\u00edn in 2014 after living in San Salvador, the nation\u2019s capital, for almost a decade. However, she\u2019d struggled to find fulfilling work opportunities that also allowed her to raise her son. \u201cBut life takes you along the way, it helps you. It was moving the pieces for me to find Bitcoin,\u201d she told me. \u201cMy son learned about Bitcoin as I did. It\u2019s more than I could have ever hoped for. Now he\u2019s 11 years old, and using a bitcoin ATM is the easiest thing in the world for him. That\u2019s my greatest happiness, that I was able to bring him with me on this journey.\u201d<\/p>\n

Like many Salvadorans, Rosales first heard about Bitcoin when Bukele made the cryptocurrency legal tender in 2021. Curious about the technology, she ended up attending a seminar by Gerardo Linares and Evelyn Lemus \u2014 a young Salvadoran couple that was looking to kickstart a Bitcoin circular economy in a mid-sized town, based on El Zonte\u2019s model.<\/p>\n

\u201cI stayed with them and they began the project of implementing Bitcoin in Berl\u00edn,\u201d Rosales said. \u201cI had a feeling something good was on the way, and I was getting along very well with them, so I didn\u2019t want to let go of them.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Salvadorans behind the movement<\/h2>\n

Lemus was the first one to really look deeply into Bitcoin, according to Linares, who remembers her listening to crypto podcasts before Bukele ever mentioned the digital asset. Linares himself came fully onboard once the government passed the Bitcoin law. \u201cI realized that an enormous historical event was happening here,\u201d he told me. \u201cEvelyn and I, we love travelling, so we visited all kinds of different towns in El Salvador to see where we could pay in bitcoin. We didn\u2019t really find any place except El Zonte. And we were supposed to be the Bitcoin Country!\u201d<\/p>\n

So they took matters into their own hands. They needed a city that wasn\u2019t too big, such as San Salvador, nor too small, with only a handful of businesses. They liked the idea of starting something in the mountains. One day Lemus stopped in Berl\u00edn for coffee with her sister on their way back from San Miguel, and it was love at first sight.<\/p>\n

Berl\u00edn was perfect. Between the volcano, the long hiking trails, the coffee farms, the museums and Alegr\u00eda\u2019s volcanic lake only 30 minutes away, Berl\u00edn was a place with a lot of potential for tourism \u2014 but very few tourists actually came to town. The locals were hungry for new ideas. \u201cWhat we found in Berl\u00edn is that people wanted change, but they weren\u2019t quite sure of the direction to take,\u201d said Lemus. \u201cThey needed someone to organize them and give practical advice.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The project, which officially launched in August 2023, originally counted four members: Lemus, Linares, Rosales and Charlie Stevens, an Irishman whom I did not get to meet. They had few resources to start with. \u201cNobody had a salary. We all had other jobs on the side. For a year and a half we were volunteers, and we just learned as we went,\u201d Rosales said. \u201cThe cafeteria, for example, was just an idea that helped us keep the project going. We got creative.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gaining the community\u2019s trust required work. The Bitcoiners decided to pour their energy into social projects: Cleaning the streets, repainting the park, offering educational projects. Berl\u00edners are proud of their town, Linares said, and they naturally wanted to help make the place nicer to live in. Bitcoin was only talked about once the work was done.<\/p>\n

It wasn\u2019t all smooth sailing. Since 2021, Salvadorans have tended to associate Bitcoin-related things to Bukele; a lot of people are wary of using what they believe to be the government\u2019s cryptocurrency. The Chivo wallet \u2014 which by all accounts was horrendous to operate \u2014 only made things worse.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Injecting bitcoin into Berl\u00edn\u2019s local economy was also difficult. In the beginning, the only satoshis circulating were the ones spent by Lemus and Linares when they bought food in places that accepted the cryptocurrency. Merchants questioned the wisdom of going through all of the trouble of installing a Bitcoin wallet for such little money.<\/p>\n

That problem was solved once foreigners started coming to Berl\u00edn to check out El Salvador\u2019s second Bitcoin circular economy \u2014 but it was a process that took time. Yet Lemus is delighted with the way things turned out. \u201cThere\u2019s a lot of foreigners that only come for a day or two. It\u2019s a very healthy type of tourism,\u201d she said. \u201cThey\u2019re not here to party, they\u2019re just curious to see the lady who\u2019s selling pupusas and accepting bitcoin. They come to involve themselves in the community, even just for a day.\u201d<\/p>\n

Berl\u00edn\u2019s history<\/h2>\n

Everybody in Berl\u00edn seems to have heard of Bitcoin, whether they use it or not. A 28-year-old construction worker told me he doesn\u2019t use the cryptocurrency for two reasons: He doesn\u2019t know how to, and he doesn\u2019t have any savings. However, he had no issue with the town\u2019s Bitcoin initiative.<\/p>\n

Further down the street, the owner of a clothing shop told me that, although she accepts bitcoin payments, very few tourists come to her store. But she uses Bitcoin in a personal capacity every once in a while; her daughter, in her teens, told me she liked spending sats on pupusas.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

I walked into the offices of Marisol Reyes, a local lawyer whose great-grandfather was the city\u2019s first mayor. Her business does not display a Bitcoin sign, but she does use it on occasion.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s easier to use it than to go to the bank,\u201d Reyes told me. \u201cSometimes you need to wait 30 minutes, an hour, two hours, three hours at the bank to make a transaction. So Bitcoin makes that a lot easier.\u201d<\/p>\n

Berl\u00edn has prospered thanks to the Bitcoin initiative, Reyes said. Foreigners are coming in and spending their money, economic activity is increasing, and the community\u2019s wealth, as a whole, is growing. All of this has led to some changes, she noted \u2014 for example, a few landowners have significantly raised the price of their properties, looking to profit from the Bitcoin boom, but in her view they\u2019re misunderstanding the phenomenon.<\/p>\n

\u201cNot everyone is coming to invest,\u201d she said. \u201cI think there are more people who come to Berl\u00edn because they think it\u2019s a safe place.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Berl\u00edn has been shaped by El Salvador\u2019s violent history. During the Salvadoran Civil War, which raged from 1979 to 1992, the city was overtaken for five days by the Farabundo Mart\u00ed National Liberation Front (FMNL), back then a coalition of left-wing guerilla groups. The federals bombarded Berl\u00edn, forcing the FMNL to withdraw; over 250 residents were killed in the battle, as well as 20 government officials. \u201cI was 14 or 15 years old,\u201d Reyes said. \u201cParts of the city burned.\u201d<\/p>\n

The conflict made the people of Berl\u00edn create strong community bonds, she said. That\u2019s why the town never suffered from MS-13 and Barrio 18 \u2014 the two violent gangs that took control of the country in the 1990s and were recently neutralized by Bukele\u2019s administration. Whenever a gang member was sighted, the community would immediately inform the police, which in turn would keep the intruders under close watch and prevent them from organizing themselves. Yes, a few strolled into town, but they never caused any real trouble.<\/p>\n

Marisol\u2019s perspective was shared by another Salvadoran at the Bitcoin Community Center, who did not wish his name to be publicized. He said the community realized early on that they needed to prevent gang members from ever taking root in Berl\u00edn, because once they settled, nothing could be done. With the help of the church, they formed groups to educate Berl\u00edn\u2019s teenagers \u2014 especially young men \u2014 on the ways the gangs operated, special emphasis being placed on each crew\u2019s initiation rituals.<\/p>\n

To join MS-13, for example, boys had to let the gang beat them to a pulp, without defending themselves, for 13 seconds. Girls could also choose that option, or they could offer themselves up for sexual assault. The educational drive prevented Berl\u00edn teenagers from joining the few gang members that did roll in.<\/p>\n

All of this to say that Berl\u00edners are dynamic and independent-minded; they look after each other, and they\u2019re not in the habit of waiting for the government to fix their problems. If Bitcoin offers a way to transact without anyone\u2019s permission, that\u2019s interesting to them. \u201cThe bank controls your money transfers,\u201d Reyes said. \u201cWith Bitcoin, there are no controls.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Tech Hippies of Berl\u00edn<\/h2>\n

I spent the night at The Standard, a cozy, rustic hostel with a spectacular view. It runs on bitcoin donations \u2014 Berl\u00edn\u2019s expats love hanging out there. When I first reached out, the hostel\u2019s operator (who asked to only be identified as Tim) gave me prices in bitcoin; 40,000 satoshis for a room with a shared bath, 60,000 for a private two-room apartment.<\/p>\n

I took the first option. My neighbour was a German 22-year-old going by the name of Markus S. He\u2019d come to Berl\u00edn to find himself after completing his physics studies. Tim was letting him stay for free in exchange for a bit of manual labour in the garden.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u201cMy contribution is that I can provide accommodation for smart people. Hopefully it rubs off on me,\u201d Tim said with a laugh. Bitcoin flourished in Berl\u00edn, he said, because it allowed people to take part in something bigger than themselves. Sometimes locals care more about the identity of the person they\u2019re selling property to, than the price at which they\u2019re selling. \u201cIt\u2019s all relationships in this town. Money means nothing,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Bonbury, the Canadian expat, shared the sentiment. The town\u2019s Bitcoin culture is anchored in community values, he noted; in that sense, it\u2019s very different from crypto spaces focused on financial gains or technological breakthroughs. Nor is it anywhere close to typical Bitcoin maximalism, which preaches increasing one\u2019s bitcoin holdings above all else.<\/p>\n

When I described Berl\u00edn\u2019s expat community as a group of tech hippies, Tim and Bonbury laughed and nodded. \u201cWe have a good time,\u201d said Bonbury. \u201cPeople make fun of you if you use cash. It happened to me yesterday. We were at a restaurant, I got up to pay, but my phone was dead. I had to use dollars \u2014 they all made jokes.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bonbury had warned me that I wouldn\u2019t have enough time to see everything, and he was right. But I was on a mission. I drove off in the morning, heading to the Conchagua volcano in the hopes of finding traces of Bitcoin City, the futuristic metropolis that Bukele promised to build back in 2021.<\/p>\n

When I met Lemus a couple of days later at Plan B, she asked me if I\u2019d found anything in Conchagua. I shook my head. She smiled. \u201cYet Bitcoin City already exists,\u201d she said. \u201cIt\u2019s called Berl\u00edn.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In El Salvador, about two hours away from the capital, up in the mountains, lies a town named Berl\u00edn. It\u2019s a mid-sized city by Salvadoran standards, with a population of roughly 20,000. It has a bank, law firms, police, food stores, hardware stores, bars, restaurants, hotels, pharmacies, clinics, churches \u2014 and one of the largest […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[3,4,5],"class_list":["post-12705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","tag-crypto","tag-doge","tag-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12705"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12705\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12705"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12705"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dogewisperer.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}